|
1 The Franco-Austrian conflict – the battle of Solferino – 1859
1859年法奥战争期间的索尔费里诺战役
In 1858, in order to unite Italy, King Victor Emmanuel II formed an alliance with Emperor Napoleon III of France against Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, who occupied Venetia and Lombardy. The Franco-Sardinian alliance won the battle of Solferino, in which 40,000 soldiers were killed or wounded, on 24 June 1859. Napoleon III and Franz Joseph signed an armistice in July. Austria withdrew from Lombardy and France agreed not to liberate Venetia. It was the battle of Solferino that inspired Henry Dunant’s idea for the Red Cross.
1858年，为了统一意大利，国王维托里奥·埃马努埃莱二世与法国的拿破仑三世组成联军向占领威尼斯地区和伦巴第的奥地利皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫开战。1859年6月24日，法国-撒丁联军在索尔费里诺战役中获胜，这场战役中共有4万名士兵死亡或受伤。7月，拿破仑三世与弗朗茨·约瑟夫签署了一项停火协议。奥地利从伦巴第撤军，法国同意不再解放威尼斯地区。索尔费里诺战役启发了亨利·杜南让他萌生了开展红十字运动的想法。
2 The Franco-Prussian War - 1870-1871
1870-1871年普法战争
In July 1870, the publication of the Ems Dispatch by Prussian Chancellor Bismarck triggered the war between France and Prussia. After suffering several defeats, France was crushed in Sedan, in September 1870. Germany emerged from the conflict united under Prussian rule. The peace treaty was signed in 1871, shortly after the proclamation of the German Empire.
1870年7月，普鲁士首相俾斯麦将埃姆斯电报公之于众从而引发了普法战争。1870年9月，在经历了战场上的多次失利之后，法国在色当战败。战后在普鲁士的统治之下德国实现了统一。1871年德意志帝国宣告成立后不久，法德双方签署了和平协议。
3 The Eastern Crisis - 1875-1878
1875-1878年近东危机
In August 1875, the repression of insurrections, first in Herzegovina, then in Bosnia and Bulgaria, provoked an exodus of Christians to Montenegro and Serbia. In June 1876, the two principalities declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Russia entered the war the following year, and thanks to its backing, Montenegro and Serbia were victorious. The Sultan asked for an armistice in January 1878.
1875年8月，起先在黑塞哥维纳，之后在波斯尼亚和保加利亚进行的对起义的镇压致使大量的基督徒逃往黑山和塞尔维亚。1876年6月，两个公国向奥斯曼帝国宣战。次年俄国加入了这场战争，在它的支持之下黑山和塞尔维亚取得了胜利。1878年1月苏丹要求停火。
86 Guantanamo – 2001 - …
2001年至今关塔那摩
Guantanamo Bay camp is part of America’s Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in Cuba. Since 2001, this maximum-security, temporary military detention centre has held persons captured or arrested in connection with the events of 11 September 2001 and their aftermath. The detainees can exchange Red Cross messages with their families via the ICRC, whose delegates have visited the camp regularly since 2002.
关塔那摩湾拘留营是美国在古巴的关塔那摩湾海军基地的组成部分，2001年以来，这所高度设防的临时军事拘禁中心关押了与 2001年9•11事件及其余波有关的被俘或被捕者。被拘留者可以通过红十字国际委员会与其家人互通红十字通信，红十字国际委员会的代表自2002年以来定期探视该拘留营。
4 The Spanish-American War – 1898
1898年美西战争
The United States supported the independence of Cuba, Spain’s last colony, and used the blowing up of the battleship USS Maine in Havana harbour as a pretext for backing the Cuban insurrection and going to war against Spain. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris of December 1898. Spain lost its last colonies in the Americas and the Philippines.
美国支持西班牙最后的殖民地古巴独立，并以美国军舰“缅因号”在古巴哈瓦那港爆炸为借口支持古巴起义并向西班牙开战。1898年10月，战争以《巴黎和约》的签订而告终。西班牙失去了其在美洲和菲律宾群岛最后的殖民地。
5 The Second Boer War - 1899-1902
1899-1902年第二次布尔战争
In 1886, the discovery of a goldfield in the Transvaal, an autonomous part of South Africa under British trusteeship but administered by the Boers, settlers of Dutch origin, inflamed the tension between the settlers and the British. War was declared in October 1899. The English established “concentration camps”; initially built to house civilians whose lands had been burnt, the camps were quickly converted to prisons. The Boers surrendered in 1902.
1886年，在由英国托管并处于荷裔定居者布尔人管理之下的南非自治地区德兰士瓦发现了金矿，这一发现引发了布尔人与英国统治者之间的矛盾。第二次布尔战争于1899年10月爆发。英国人建立了“集中营”，起初用于收容那些家园被焚毁的平民，之后很快被改造为监狱。布尔人于1902年投降。
6, 7, 8 The Russian-Japanese War - 1904-1905
1904-1905年日俄战争
Both Russia and Japan coveted control of Korea and Manchuria. In February 1904, the Japanese launched a surprise attack against the British garrison in Port Arthur (China), laying siege to the town. In May 1905, the Russian fleet, which had come to Port Arthur’s aid, was destroyed in the naval battle at Tsushima, confirming the Japanese victory. The Russian capitulation, signed in September 1905, gave Japan control of Korea.
俄国和日本同时觊觎对朝鲜和满洲的控制权。1904年2月，日本对在旅顺口（中国）的英国驻军发动了突然袭击并包围了旅顺口。1905年5月，前来旅顺口援助的俄国舰队在对马海战中被摧毁从而确认了日本的胜利。1905年9月，日俄两国签订了休战书，日本取得了对朝鲜的控制权。
9 The Balkan Wars - 1912-1913
1912-1913年巴尔干战争
In October 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire and won. In December 1912, the Ottoman Empire requested an armistice. Turkish hegemony over Macedonia ended with this conflict, but the alliance between the victors broke down after the hostilities ceased. A Second Balkan war pitted Bulgaria against a coalition comprising Serbia, Greece, Romania and Turkey. In July 1913, Bulgaria was defeated and the victors divided much of its territory between them.
1912年10月，保加利亚、塞尔维亚、希腊和黑山对奥斯曼帝国宣战并获得了胜利。1912年12月，奥斯曼帝国请求休战。土耳其对马其顿的霸权随着这次战争而告终，但是战斗结束后战胜国之间的联盟也瓦解了。第二次巴尔干战争是以保加利亚为一方，塞尔维亚、希腊、罗马尼亚和土耳其为另一方的战争。1913年7月，保加利亚战败，其大部分领土为战胜国所瓜分。
10 to 15 World War I - 1914-1918
1914-1918年第一次世界大战
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo in July 1914 triggered war between the Franco-British Entente and its allies, on the one hand, and the former “central empires” (Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire) and their allies, on the other. By the end of the year, both sides had become bogged down in their respective positions. The United States’ entry into the war in 1917 upset the balance of power in favour of the Entente. The Armistice of 11 November 1918, and the peace treaty signed in Versailles the following January put an end to a conflict in which more than 8.5 million people died and during which tanks, aircrafts and chemical weapons were used for the first time.
1914年7月弗朗茨·斐迪南大公夫妇在萨拉热窝遇刺事件触发了英法协定的协约国与前“中央帝国”（德国、奥匈帝国和奥斯曼帝国）的同盟国之间的战争。1914年底，双方战事陷入了僵持。1917年美国的参战打破了力量的平衡，使形势的发展有利于协约国。交战双方于1918年11月休战，次年1月在凡尔赛签署的《巴黎协定》结束了这场战争，超过850万人在战争中丧生，坦克、飞机和化学武器在这次战争中首次得到使用。
16 The Russian-Polish War - 1919-1921
1919-1921年苏波战争
After becoming independent in 1918, Poland tried to recover territory controlled by Russia, Germany and Austro-Hungary. The Russians, who wanted to spread the Bolshevik Revolution to Western Europe, attacked Poland in the spring of 1919. The Poles riposted, advancing as far as Kyiv. The Russian counteroffensive was defeated on the outskirts of Warsaw. The Peace of Riga, which was signed in March 1921, returned a number of territories to Poland.
1918年波兰恢复独立之后，试图恢复其由苏俄、德国和奥匈帝国所控制的领土。希望将布尔什维克革命传播到西欧的苏俄在1919年春袭击了波兰。波兰予以还击并一直将战线推进到基辅。苏俄的反击在华沙郊外遭到挫败。1921年3月双方签署的《里加和约》将大面积领土重新划归波兰。
17, 18 The Greco-Turkish War - 1921-1922
1921-1922年希土战争
After the First World War and the allied occupation of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) rebelled against the government and refused to see the empire broken up by the Treaty of Sevres. He fought the occupants and drove out the Greeks, who had landed at Smyrna in 1919. The peace treaty signed in Lausanne in 1923 forced Greece to give up eastern Thrace, Smyrna and the Turkish islands and prompted large-scale population movements.
一战以及奥斯曼帝国被协约国占领后，穆斯塔法·凯末尔（阿塔图尔克）奋起反抗政府并拒绝接受旨在瓜分奥斯曼帝国的《塞夫尔条约》。他与占领者进行斗争并赶走了1919年占领士麦拿的希腊人。1923年签署的《洛桑条约》迫使希腊放弃东色雷斯、士麦拿和土耳其的岛屿并引发了大规模的人口流动。
19 War in Abyssinia - 1935-1936
1935-1936年阿比西尼亚战争
In late 1934, relations between Italy and Abyssinia (as Ethiopia was known at the time) deteriorated in the wake of a border incident. The League of Nations’ attempt at reconciliation was fruitless, and Italian forces based in Eritrea invaded Ethiopian territory in October 1935. At the end of a struggle during which the Italian army used chemical weapons, Abyssinia was conquered in the spring of 1936. Emperor Haile Selassie went into exile and Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia united to form Italian East Africa.
1934年末，意大利和阿比西尼亚（今“埃塞俄比亚”）之间的关系在边界事件发生之后开始恶化。国际联盟促成其和解的努力毫无结果，1935年10月驻在厄立特里亚的意大利军队入侵了埃塞俄比亚。意大利军队在战争快结束时使用了化学武器，阿比西尼亚于1936年春被占领。皇帝海尔·塞拉西流亡出境而埃塞俄比亚、厄立特里亚和索马里共同构成了意属东非。
20, 21 The Spanish Civil War - 1936-1939
1936-1939 年西班牙内战
In 1936, General Francisco Franco organized a military uprising against the leftist Republican government that had just won the elections. Backed by the Italians and the Germans, Franco was victorious in July 1939. The German Air Force bombed the Basque town of Guernica, among others. The many volunteers from all countries who fought alongside the Republicans in the International Brigades received supplies of weapons from the Soviet Union and France.
1936年，弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥将军组织了一次军事政变以反抗在选举中获胜的左翼共和政府。在意大利和德国的支持之下，佛朗哥于1939年7月取得了胜利。德国空军向巴斯克城镇格尔尼卡等进行了轰炸。苏联和法国则向来自世界各国支持共和政府的众多国际纵队志愿者们提供了武器。
22 The Sino-Japanese War - 1937-1945
1937-1945中国抗日战争
In 1931, the Japanese army occupied Manchuria and China’s economic centres. In 1938 Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist forces and Mao Zedong’s Red Army, initially enemies, formed an alliance to drive out the invaders. After 1941 and Pearl Harbour, the Sino-Japanese War played out as part of World War II. The 1945 armistice led to the surrender of the Japanese troops in China.
1931年，日本军队占领了中国东北，1937年又发动全面侵华战争。1938年，中国国民党和共产党结成统一战线，抗击日本侵略。1941年后，特别是珍珠港事件之后，中国战场成为二战的一部分。1945年，日本宣布投降，战争结束。
23 to 39 World War II - 1939-1945
1939-1945年第二次世界大战
The German invasion of Poland, on 1 September 1939, triggered World War II, in which the Axis forces (essentially Germany, Italy and Japan) fought the Allies (France, England, the United States and others). From 1939 to 1942, the Axis employed a blitzkrieg strategy and swept all before it. After the battle of Stalingrad in 1943 and the American landing in Normandy in 1944, the Allies gained the upper hand in Europe. In May 1945, Germany’s capitulation ended the war in Europe. In Asia, the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 led to Japan’s surrender. The war took a heavy toll: 50 million dead, the victims, soldiers and civilians, of the fighting, the Nazi genocide, the aerial bombardment of towns and cities and the first use of the atomic bomb.
1939年9月1日德国入侵波兰引发了第二次世界大战，交战双方是主要由德国、意大利、日本组成的轴心国与以中国、法国、英国、美国等国组成的同盟国。从1939年到1942年，轴心国采用了闪电战的战略，战火蔓延。1943年的斯大林格勒战役和1944年的美国诺曼底登陆之后，同盟国在欧洲占了上风。1945年5月，德国投降结束了欧洲的战争。在亚洲，1945年8月日本投降。战争造成了巨大的伤亡：因战斗、纳粹屠杀、对城市和城镇的空袭和首次使用原子弹而死亡的受害者、士兵和平民共计5000万人。
40 The Korean War - 1950-1953
1950-1953年朝鲜战争
In 1948, two republics were created north and south of the 38th parallel. In June 1950, North Korea launched an offensive against South Korea. The United Nations came to the South Koreans’ aid with a 16-nation contingent under American command. Chinese volunteers fought along the North Koreans. The conflict bogged down on the 38th parallel. The armistice, which was signed in 1953, is still in force.
1948年，在三八线以北和以南分别成立了两个共和国。1950年6月，朝鲜战争爆发。美国支持南朝鲜并向其提供了在美国指挥下由16国部队组成的联合国军。中国志愿军与朝鲜军队并肩作战。。1953年冲突双方以38度线为界签署的停战协议，至今仍然有效。
41 The Indochina War- 1946-1954
1946-1954年印度支那战争
Although Viet Nam declared its independence in 1945, France wished to re-establish its rule over the region. In late 1946, the Viet Minh, a nationalist communist party, launched a general uprising. France surrendered after the fall of Diên Biên Phu in 1954. The parties signed the Geneva Accords whereby Viet Nam was divided into the communist Democratic Republic of Viet Nam in the north and the pro-Western State of Vietnam in the south.
尽管1945年越南宣布独立，但法国仍想重建其在该地区的统治。1946年末，共产党“越盟”发动了一次大规模起义。1954年在奠边府战役中失利后法国最终投降。有关各方签署了《日内瓦协议》，按照此协议越南被分为北部的越南民主共和国和亲西方的南越政府.
42, 43 Arab-Israeli conflict - 1948-1949
1948-1949年阿以战争
In 1947, the Arabs of Palestine rejected the plan for dividing Palestine and demanded the creation of an independent Arab State. On 14 May 1948, the day on which the State of Israel was founded, Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Iraq and Lebanon invaded Israel. The Israelis drove them out after a truce imposed by a United Nations mediator. The signing of the armistices, the following year, increased the size of Israel’s territory by half. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees found asylum in Arab countries.
1947年，巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人反对划分巴勒斯坦的计划并要求建立独立的阿拉伯国家。1948年5月14日，埃及、叙利亚、外约旦、伊拉克和黎巴嫩在以色列建国的当天入侵了以色列。联合国调停者发出停火令后以色列将侵略者驱逐了出去。次年签署的停战协议使得以色列的领土增加了一半。数十万巴勒斯坦难民在各阿拉伯国家寻求避难。
44, 45 Arab-Israeli conflict - 1967-1970
1967-1970年阿以冲突
In May 1967, Egypt negotiated the departure of United Nations troops from its territory, allied itself with Jordan and Syria and stepped up its troop movements in the Sinai. Feeling threatened, Israel launched an attack on 5 June that destroyed the Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian air forces. In six days, it occupied the Sinai, the Golan, the West Bank, Gaza and Jerusalem. After the Six Day War, sporadic fighting continued between Israel and the Arab States. Attacks along the border with Jordan, chiefly the work of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), continued until Black September 1979, when King Hussein forced the PLO out of Jordan.
1967年5月，埃及协商将联合国军队撤出其领土，并与约旦和叙利亚结盟加紧向西奈调集兵力。受到威胁的以色列于6月5日发动进攻并摧毁了埃及、叙利亚和约旦的空军。在6天里，以色列占领了西奈、戈兰高地、约旦河西岸和耶路撒冷。六日战争之后，以色列和阿拉伯国家间持续爆发了零星的战斗。主要由巴解组织在约旦边界实施的袭击一直持续到1979年的“黑九月事件”——当时约旦国王侯赛因下令将巴解组织驱逐出境。
46 The Biafran War - 1967-1970
1967-1970年比夫拉战争
In May 1967, the oil-rich province of Biafra in south-east Nigeria seceded, touching off a civil war. Over two million people died, many of them of famine. The Nigerian army’s destruction of a Red Cross plane sparked debate on the effectiveness of humanitarian neutrality and spawned the creation of Médecins sans Frontières and other NGOs that were more outspoken in their work. The conflict also received unprecedented media coverage.
1967年5月，尼日利亚西南盛产石油的比夫拉省宣布独立，从而引发了内战。超过200万人丧生，其中许多人死于饥荒。尼日利亚军队摧毁一架红十字飞机的事件引发了有关人道行动中立效力的争论，并推动了更为直言不讳的无国界医生组织及其他非政府组织的建立。媒体也对这一冲突进行了前所未有的报道。
47 The Bangladesh War of Independence - 1971
1971年孟加拉独立战争
When Pakistan was created in 1947, it was divided into two geographically separate regions. In 1971, the eastern province declared its independence under the name of Bangladesh. Pakistan launched a military offensive against the breakaway province, causing 10 millions refugees to flee to India. The Indian army fought alongside Bangladesh, which was recognized by Pakistan in 1974.
1947年巴基斯坦建立时被分成两个地理上相互分离的地区。1971年，东部省份以孟加拉国为名宣布独立。巴基斯坦对脱离省份发起军事进攻，致使1000万难民逃往印度。印度军队与孟加拉国并肩作战，1974年巴基斯坦承认孟加拉独立。
48 The Turkish occupation of Cyprus - 1974
1974年土耳其占领塞浦路斯
Since becoming an independent republic in 1960, Cyprus had been home to people of both Greek and Turkish origin and the scene of disturbances relating to how the two communities shared power. In July 1974, Greek officers organized a military coup to annex Cyprus. Turkey intervened and occupied the north of the island. After the regime of the colonels collapsed, Greece withdrew its forces from Cyprus, which declared itself a republic. In 1975, a Turkish Cypriot State was declared in the north. The Greek and Turkish populations remain separated and the island divided to this day.
自1960年成为独立共和国以来，塞浦路斯就一直是希腊裔和土耳其裔人的家，常发生与两族如何分享权力有关的骚乱。1974年7月，希腊军官组织了一场旨在吞并塞浦路斯的军事政变。土耳其也介入进来并占领了岛屿北部。军官政权瓦解后，希腊从塞浦路斯撤军，塞浦路斯宣布其为共和国。1975年，北部土族塞人州宣布成立。土族人和希族人持续分离，塞浦路斯岛南北划分状态一直持续至今。
49 Dictatorship in Chile - 1973-1990
1973-1990年智利独裁统治
On 11 September 1973, against a backdrop of economic and political crisis, a military junta overthrew the socialist government of President Salvador Allende. The military coup was backed by the American administration and resulted in the establishment of a military dictatorship headed by General Augusto Pinochet that would last until 1990.
1973年9月11日，在经济和政治危机的背景之下，萨尔瓦多·阿连德的社会主义政府被一个军人集团所推翻。这一军事政变是由美国政府支持的，它导致了奥古斯托·皮诺切特将军领导的军事独裁统治的建立并一直延续到1990年。
50 The Falklands War - 1982
1982年马岛战争
Argentina and Great Britain have been at loggerheads over the sovereignty of the Malvinas (Falklands) Islands since the 17th century. Negotiations got under way in the 1960s at the United Nations and were still ongoing in April 1982 when Argentine forces invaded the Falklands. The British fought back with a naval blockade and attacked the Argentine navy. Argentina was defeated and British sovereignty restored.
自17世纪以来阿根廷和英国围绕马尔维纳斯（福克兰）群岛主权问题一直争执不下。联合国从20世纪60年代开始举行谈判，一直持续到1982年4月阿根廷部队入侵马岛。英国予以回击，进行了海上封锁并进攻了阿根廷海军。阿根廷战败，英国夺回了马岛的主权。
51, 53 Civil strife in El Salvador - 1979-1992
1979-1992年萨尔瓦多内乱
In 1979, a group of soldiers and civilian leaders seized power and set “death squads” to work eliminating their opponents. In the ensuing 12-year civil war, the American-backed government fought Marxist guerrillas supported by Nicaragua and Cuba. Negotiations were started after the 1989 elections. The protagonists signed the peace agreements that put an end to the fighting in 1992.
1979年，一群军民领导人夺取了政权并派出“敢死队”消灭其对手。在接下来12年的内战中，由美国支持的政府与尼加拉瓜和古巴支持的马克思主义游击队展开了斗争。1989年选举后开始和谈。1992年交战方签署的《和平协定》结束了战斗。
52 Internal unrest in Guatemala - 1960-1996
1960-1996年危地马拉内乱
In 1954, a putsch brought to power a pro-American military government. A guerrilla movement emerged in the 1960s. The country was shaken by a series of successive military coups and held in a reign of terror by countless murders. Democracy was restored in 1985, but the violence continued. An agreement signed in 1996 with the guerrillas put an end to the conflict.
1954年的一次起义之后亲美的军政府掌握了政权。20世纪60年代出现了游击队运动。危地马拉因一系列的军事政变而动荡不定，并通过无数的谋杀实行恐怖统治。1985年民主体制恢复之后，暴力依旧持续。1996年与游击队签署的一项协定结束了冲突。
54, 55 The Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia - 1978-1989
1978-1989年越南占领柬埔寨
In 1978, the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia, driving out Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge and occupying the country. The Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge rose up in resistance, starting a guerrilla war between the Vietnamese occupation forces and several Khmer factions. Hundreds of thousands of Cambodians fled across the Thai border. The Vietnamese army withdrew in 1989 and was replaced by United Nations forces.
1978年，越南军队入侵柬埔寨，驱逐了波尔布特和红色高棉并占领了柬埔寨。红色高棉发起反击，发动了与入侵越南的军队和诸多高棉派系之间的游击战。数十万柬埔寨人逃往泰国边界。1989年越南撤军，联合国部队进驻柬埔寨。
56 Dictatorship in Ethiopia - 1974-1991
1974-1991年埃塞俄比亚独裁统治
In February 1974, a military junta overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie. A Soviet-backed socialist government took power. Headed by Mengistu Haile Maryam, it emptied the north of the country of its inhabitants, who were deemed hostile to the government. Hundreds of thousands of people were forcibly displaced and abandoned. The great famine struck in 1984-1985. In 1991, Mengistu went into exile.
1974年2月，一次军事政变推翻了海尔·塞拉西皇帝的统治。由苏联支持的社会主义政府掌握政权。在门格斯图·海尔·马里亚姆的指挥之下，该国北部的居民被认为是与政府为敌并遭到驱逐。数十万人被迫流离失所和被遗弃。1984-1985爆发了大饥荒。1991年，门格斯图流亡境外。
57 Civil war in Angola - 1975-2002
1975-2002年安哥拉内战
In 1975, the year of Angola’s independence, civil war broke out in the former Portuguese colony between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the communist bloc, and the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), backed by the West. A peace agreement was concluded in 1988, but the civil war continued, interspersed with various cease-fires and United Nations peacekeeping operations, until 2002, when lasting peace was restored.
1975年葡萄牙的前殖民地安哥拉获得独立，当年在由共产主义阵营支持的安哥拉人民解放运动(MPLA)与由西方支持的安哥拉全面独立民族联盟(UNITA)爆发内战。1988年双方达成了一项和平协定，但内战还在持续，在多次停火和联合国维和行动之后，2002年安哥拉恢复了持久的和平。
58, 59 War in Lebanon - 1975-1990
1975-1990年黎巴嫩战争
The war started in 1975 after skirmishes broke out between Palestinians and the Falangists (a Christian Moronite group). In the spring of 1976, the Syrian army moved into the north of the country. A series of alliances were formed and broken. From 1982 to 1984 the Israeli army occupied the south of the country. The Palestinians were evacuated by sea in an international operation. Fierce fighting broke out between Christian militias. In 1989, the Taif Agreement gave Syria a decisive role in Lebanon. The war officially ended in October 1990.
巴勒斯坦人和黎巴嫩长枪党（一个基督教马龙派团体）间发生小规模战斗之后，战争于1975年爆发。1976年春，叙利亚军队进入该国北部。一系列的联盟结成又瓦解。从1982年到1984年，以色列军队占领了该国南部。巴勒斯坦人在一次国际行动中由海路进行了撤离。基督徒民兵间爆发了激烈的战斗。1989年，《塔伊夫协定》确定了叙利亚在黎巴嫩发挥的决定性作用。1990年10月战争正式结束。
60 The Nagorny Karabakh conflict - 1988-1994
1988-1994年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突
An Armenian enclave in Azerbaijan, Nagorny Karabakh was a source of conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which went to war after the province proclaimed its independence in 1991. In 1994, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorny Karabakh signed a peace agreement sponsored jointly by Russia and the OSCE.
位于阿塞拜疆的亚美尼亚人自治州纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫是亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆冲突的根源。1991年该省宣布独立后两国间爆发战争。1994年，在俄国和欧洲安全与合作组织的联合倡导之下，亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫签署了一项和平协议。
61 Genocide in Rwanda – 1994，
1994年卢旺达种族大屠杀
The 1994 genocide took place at a time of ethnic tension. The assassination of President Habyarimana (Hutu) prompted Hutu militias backed by the army to massacre their Tutsi and moderate Hutu compatriots. In 100 days, 800,000 civilians were killed. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front drove the Hutu from power. The conflict ended with the formation of a government of national unity. In November 1994, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established.
1994年的大屠杀是在种族关系紧张时期发生的。对卢旺达总统哈比亚利马纳（胡图族人）的刺杀事件促使受军队支持的胡图族民兵屠杀图西族人和温和派的胡图族人。在100天的时间里，80万平民丧生。图西族人领导的卢旺达爱国前线从胡图族人手中夺取了政权。民族团结政府的建立结束了冲突局势。卢旺达国际刑事法庭于1994年11月成立。
62, 63 The Chiapas uprising in Mexico - 1994-1996
1994-1996年墨西哥恰帕斯起义
In 1994 the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), led by Subcommander Marcos, launched an uprising in Chiapas. The EZLN demanded land redistribution and an improvement in the living conditions of the native peasants. The 1996 negotiations between the EZLN and the Mexican government resulted in the San Andrés Agreement, which granted a degree of autonomy to the indigenous peoples of Chiapas.
1994年副司令马科斯领导的萨帕塔民族解放军 (EZLN) 在恰帕斯发动了一次起义。萨帕塔民族解放军要求重新分配土地和改善土著农民的生活条件。1996年萨帕塔民族解放军与墨西哥政府开展了谈判并签署了《圣安德列斯协议》，同意恰帕斯本土人获得一定程度的自治。
64 to 67 Conflict in Afghanistan - 1979-2001
1979-2001年阿富汗冲突
In December 1979, Soviet troops occupied Afghanistan, which was subsequently wracked by fighting between the pro-Soviet government and the Western-backed mujahideen rebels. The Soviet Union withdrew in 1989. The mujahideen factions, divided along ethnic, religious and regional lines, clashed. The Taliban stormed the capital in 1996, installing a regime that imposed a particularly strict form of Islam. After the attacks of 11 September 2001, the United States led an international coalition into war against the Taliban. The Taliban regime crumbled within months.
1979年12月苏联军队占领阿富汗，随后阿富汗因亲苏政府与受西方支持的圣战反叛者之间的战斗而受严重破坏。1989年苏联撤军。按种族、宗教和地区划分的各圣战派别相互冲突。1996年塔利班袭击了首都，并建立了实施严格的伊斯兰管制的政权。2001年9•11袭击事件之后，以美国为首的联军发动了对塔利班的战争。塔利班政权在数月内瓦解了。
68 Operation Grapes of Wrath in Lebanon – 1996
1996年以色列对黎巴嫩发动的代号为“愤怒的葡萄”行动
In 1996, fresh fighting broke out between Israeli forces and a Shiite militia, Hezbollah, in southern Lebanon. The Israeli army launched a series of massive raids (operation Grapes of Wrath) to thwart Hezbollah’s military potential and stop rockets from being fired into northern Israel. In April, American diplomacy obtained a cease-fire.
1996年，以色列军队和一支什叶派民兵——黎巴嫩南部的真主党之间爆发了战争。以色列军队发动了一系列大规模的袭击（“愤怒的葡萄”行动）以削弱真主党的军事潜力并防止以色列北部受到火箭的袭击。4月，在美国的外交斡旋之下实现了停火。
69 Guerrilla warfare in Peru - 1980-1992
1980-1992年秘鲁游击战
The Shining Path Maoist guerrilla movement advocated a general offensive against the State and its military power. The civilian population paid the price, caught between guerrilla and State violence. In 1992, the movement suffered a heavy blow when its founder and leader, Abimael Guzman, was arrested. It started to decline.
光辉道路毛派游击队运动号召向政府及其军事力量发起总攻。身陷游击队与政府间暴力的平民为此付出了代价。1992年，运动创始人及领导人阿维马埃尔·古兹曼被捕时，运动使受了巨大的打击，从而开始走向了衰落。
70 Guerrilla warfare in Colombia - 1948– …
1948年至今哥伦比亚游击战
In 1948, civil war broke out in Colombia between liberals and conservatives. The two parties reconciled. The monopoly of political power fostered the emergence of several leftist guerrilla movements that destabilized the government and the formation of paramilitary groups acting in support of the drug cartels. The escalating violence and drug trafficking brought the country to the brink of deadlock. A state of emergency was declared in 2002.
1948年，哥伦比亚的自由派与保守派之间爆发内战。双方最终和解。政治权力的垄断导致出现了许多动摇政府统治的左翼游击队运动并形成了支持贩毒集团的准军事团体。暴力的升级和贩毒活动的猖獗使国家走向崩溃的边缘。2002年哥伦比亚政府宣布进入紧急状态。
71, 72 Civil war in Sierra Leone - 1991-2002
1991-2002年塞拉利昂内战
In 1991, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), backed by Liberia, launched a conflict in Sierra Leone, chiefly to gain control of the diamond mines. Elections were held in 1996 and a peace agreement negotiated, but the civil war resumed. In 1999, agreement was reached on an amnesty and the RUF’s participation in the government. A United Nations mission was tasked with supervising disarmament and taking control of the mines. The establishment in 2002 of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission set the country on the road to peace.
1991年，主要为了控制钻石矿，受利比里亚支持的革命联合阵线向塞拉利昂发动了进攻。1996年举行了大选并达成了和平协定，但内战依然持续。1999年，双方达成一项大赦协议，让革命联合阵线加入政府。联合国向塞拉利昂派出任务团以监督裁军并控制矿藏。2002年建立的塞拉利昂特别法庭以及真相与和解委员会使国家走上了和平之路。
73, 74 War between Ethiopia and Eritrea - 1998-2000
1998-2000年埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚战争
War broke out between Ethiopia and Eritrea (independent since 1993) in 1998. The main bone of contention was the border between the two. In 2000, the Algiers Agreement put a stop to the fighting and established the independent Boundary Commission to demarcate the border.
1998年埃塞俄比亚与厄立特里亚（1993年获得独立）之间爆发了战争。争端的主要原因是两国的边界问题。2000年，《阿尔及尔协议》结束了双方的战争并建立起独立的边界委员会来划分两国界线。
75 to 77 Conflict in Chechnya- 1994-1996
1994-1996年车臣冲突
In December 1994, Russia decided to reassert its authority over Chechnya, which had proclaimed independence in 1991. The Russian army launched the all-out bombardment of Grozny and entered the city in January 1995, provoking an exodus. The Russians bombed other towns, where fighting continued. The Chechens took control of Grozny in August 1996 and signed a joint declaration on the principles of a political settlement (the withdrawal of Russian troops, the conclusion by 31 December 2001 of an agreement on the basis for relations between Russia and Chechnya).
1994年12月，俄罗斯决意重申其对1991年宣布独立的车臣的主权。俄罗斯军队对格罗兹尼发动了全面轰炸并于1995年进入城内，致使大批居民出逃。俄罗斯轰炸了其他一些还在打仗的城镇。车臣人于1996年8月控制了格罗兹尼并签署了有关政治解决原理的联合宣言（包括俄罗斯撤军，于2001年12月31日前达成关于俄罗斯与车臣之间的关系的协议）。
78, 79 War in Bosnia-Herzegovina - 1992-1995
1992-1995年波黑战争
In 1992, Bosnia’s Muslims and Croats voted for independence in a referendum. The siege of Sarajevo started and interethnic fighting between Serbs, Croats and Muslims spread throughout the country. The United Nations tried to restore peace, in vain. The Bosnian Serb massacre of thousands of men from Srebrenica marked a turning point. The Dayton Accords, signed in late 1995, divided Bosnia into two entities: the Bosniak/Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska.
1992年，波斯尼亚的穆斯林和克罗地亚人进行了独立公投。萨拉热窝的包围开始了，塞尔维亚人、克罗地亚人和穆斯林之间种族斗争波及全国。联合国想要恢复和平的努力以失败告终。波斯尼亚塞族对斯雷布雷尼察成千上万波斯尼亚男子的屠杀是战争的转折点。1995年末签署的《岱顿协定》将波斯尼亚划分成两个实体： 波族-克族的波黑联邦和塞族共和国。
80 War in Kosovo - 1997-1999
1997-1999年科索沃战争
Kosovo’s independence, proclaimed in 1992, was not recognized by Belgrade, which considered the province to be part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. War broke out in 1998. In spite of the international community’s efforts to mediate, Yugoslavia refused to withdraw its army. In March 1999, NATO air strikes on Serbia forced Yugoslavia to withdraw in June, and Kosovo has been administered ever since by the United Nations.
科索沃于1992年宣布独立，对此南斯拉夫政府不予承认并认为该省是南斯拉夫联邦共和国的组成部分。战争于1998年爆发。尽管国际社会努力调解，南斯拉夫仍拒绝撤军。1999年3月，北约对塞尔维亚进行空中打击，迫使南斯拉夫在6月撤军。自此科索沃处于联合国的管控之下。
81 Conflict in northern Iraq - 1991-2002
1991-2002年伊拉克北部冲突
In 1991, at the end of the first Gulf War, the Iraqi army turned on the Kurds, who resisted under the protection of a United Nations air exclusion zone. Free elections were held in 1992, but infighting between the main Kurdish factions, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), deteriorated into clashes that only ended with the Washington Agreement of 1998. A peace agreement signed in September 2002 provided for the reactivation of the unified parliament formed after the legislative elections of 1992.
1991年，第一次海湾战争结束时，伊拉克军队攻击了库尔德地区，库尔德人在联合国禁飞区保护之下对其进行了反抗。1992年举行自由大选，但主要的库尔德人派系——库尔德斯坦民主党(KDP)和库尔德斯坦爱国联盟(PUK)——之间的混战持续恶化并发展成冲突，直至1998年华盛顿协定签署后才结束。2002年9月签署的和平协议重新恢复了1992年立法选举之后建立的联合议会。
82 to 85 Military intervention in Iraq – 2003
2003年对伊拉克的军事干预行动
In March 2003, an American-British coalition and its allies attacked Iraq, on the following grounds: to pursue the war on terror, eliminate weapons of mass destruction, liberate Iraq from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and establish democracy. After an intensive bombing campaign, American forces entered Baghdad in April and the military intervention officially ended on 1 May 2003. Saddam Hussein was arrested in December.
2003年3月，美英联军及其盟友向伊拉克发动了进攻，目标如下: 继续推进反恐战争，消除大规模杀伤性武器，推翻萨达姆·侯赛因的统治解放伊拉克，以及建立民主政权。美军通过大举轰炸于4月进入了巴格达，军事干预于2003年5月1日正式结束。12月萨达姆·侯赛因被捕。
|
